Shaping caustics into propagation-invariant light

TL;DR

This paper introduces methods to design propagation-invariant light fields with customizable caustic patterns, enabling complex and application-specific intensity shapes beyond traditional beam types, with experimental demonstrations.

Contribution

It generalizes propagation-invariant beams by tailoring their caustics through novel methods, expanding the range of achievable intensity patterns.

Findings

Successfully implemented various tailored propagation-invariant beams experimentally.

Demonstrated complex shapes such as words and geometric patterns.

Showed that known solutions are a subset of a broader class of fields.

Abstract

Structured light has revolutionized optical particle manipulation and nano-scale material processing. In particular, propagation-invariant structured light fields, such as Bessel beams, have enabled applications that require robust intensity distributions. Their self-healing nature facilitates imaging with enhanced resolution e.g. in light-sheet microscopy. The prominent high-intensity features of propagation-invariant fields such as Airy, Bessel, and Mathieu beams can be understood in terms of caustics. While these beams have found many applications in material processing and trapping, these technologies would greatly benefit from structured, controllable intensities in a variety of shapes well beyond the standard families of propagation-invariant beams. Here we generalize propagation-invariant beams by tailoring their caustics through two different methods. We illustrate these approaches by implementing various tailored propagation-invariant beams experimentally, whose patterns range from simple geometric shapes to complex configurations such as words. This approach clarifies that the known solutions are a small subset of a far more general set of propagation-invariant fields with intensity maxima concentrated around any desired curve.