The inD Dataset: A Drone Dataset of Naturalistic Road User Trajectories at German Intersections

TL;DR

The inD dataset provides a large-scale, high-quality collection of naturalistic urban intersection trajectories captured by drones, supporting research in autonomous vehicle safety and prediction models.

Contribution

This paper introduces the inD dataset, a comprehensive drone-based urban intersection dataset with over 11,500 road user trajectories, filling a critical gap in available urban driving data.

Findings

Dataset includes 11,500+ road users across four intersections.

High-precision trajectories extracted using deep neural networks.

Supports urban autonomous vehicle research and safety validation.

Abstract

Automated vehicles rely heavily on data-driven methods, especially for complex urban environments. Large datasets of real world measurement data in the form of road user trajectories are crucial for several tasks like road user prediction models or scenario-based safety validation. So far, though, this demand is unmet as no public dataset of urban road user trajectories is available in an appropriate size, quality and variety. By contrast, the highway drone dataset (highD) has recently shown that drones are an efficient method for acquiring naturalistic road user trajectories. Compared to driving studies or ground-level infrastructure sensors, one major advantage of using a drone is the possibility to record naturalistic behavior, as road users do not notice measurements taking place. Due to the ideal viewing angle, an entire intersection scenario can be measured with significantly less occlusion than with sensors at ground level. Both the class and the trajectory of each road user can be extracted from the video recordings with high precision using state-of-the-art deep neural networks. Therefore, we propose the creation of a comprehensive, large-scale urban intersection dataset with naturalistic road user behavior using camera-equipped drones as successor of the highD dataset. The resulting dataset contains more than 11500 road users including vehicles, bicyclists and pedestrians at intersections in Germany and is called inD. The dataset consists of 10 hours of measurement data from four intersections and is available online for non-commercial research at: http://www.inD-dataset.com