Reverse quantum annealing of the $p$-spin model with relaxation

TL;DR

This study shows that in reverse quantum annealing of the $p$-spin model, including dephasing and pausing in an open system enhances success probability, aligning with experimental observations on current quantum annealers.

Contribution

It demonstrates that dephasing and pausing significantly improve reverse annealing performance, explaining recent experimental success in open system settings.

Findings

Dephasing overcomes failure of closed system reverse annealing.

Pausing further increases success probability.

Collective dephasing outperforms independent dephasing.

Abstract

In reverse quantum annealing, the initial state is an eigenstate of the final problem Hamiltonian and the transverse field is cycled rather than strictly decreased as in standard (forward) quantum annealing. We present a numerical study of the reverse quantum annealing protocol applied to the $p$-spin model ($p=3$), including pausing, in an open system setting accounting for dephasing in the energy eigenbasis, which results in thermal relaxation. We consider both independent and collective dephasing and demonstrate that in both cases the open system dynamics substantially enhances the performance of reverse annealing. Namely, including dephasing overcomes the failure of purely closed system reverse annealing to converge to the ground state of the $p$-spin model. We demonstrate that pausing further improves the success probability. The collective dephasing model leads to somewhat better performance than independent dephasing. The protocol we consider corresponds closely to the one implemented in the current generation of commercial quantum annealers, and our results help to explain why recent experiments demonstrated enhanced success probabilities under reverse annealing and pausing.