Is there really a Hubble tension?

TL;DR

This paper investigates discrepancies in supernova redshift data and their impact on the Hubble constant, suggesting that dataset differences may undermine the claimed Hubble tension and highlighting anisotropic effects.

Contribution

It demonstrates that redshift discrepancies between supernova catalogs significantly affect Hubble constant estimates, challenging the robustness of the Hubble tension.

Findings

Redshift differences influence H0 estimates by about 4-5 km/s/Mpc.

Systematic sky variations in H0 suggest measurement limitations.

Discrepancies in datasets can account for the Hubble tension.

Abstract

The heliocentric redshifts ($z_\mathrm{hel}$) reported for 150 Type Ia supernovae in the Pantheon compilation are significantly discrepant from their corresponding values in the JLA compilation. Both catalogues include corrections to the redshifts and magnitudes of the supernovae to account for the motion of the heliocentric frame relative to the `CMB rest frame', as well as corrections for the directionally coherent bulk motion of local galaxies with respect to this frame. The latter is done employing modelling of peculiar velocities which assume the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model but nevertheless provide evidence for residual bulk flows which are discordant with this model (implying that the observed Universe is in fact anisotropic). Until recently such peculiar velocity corrections in the Pantheon catalogue were made at redshifts exceeding 0.2 although there is no data on which to base such corrections. We study the impact of these vexed issues on the 4.4 $\sigma$ discrepancy between the Hubble constant of $H_0 = 67.4 \pm 0.5$ km/s/Mpc inferred from observations of CMB anisotropies by Planck assuming $\Lambda$CDM, and the measurement of $H_0 = 73.5 \pm 1.4$ km/s/Mpc by the SH0ES project which extended the local distance ladder using Type Ia supernovae. Using the same methodology as the latter study we find that for supernovae whose redshifts are discrepant between Pantheon and JLA with $\Delta z_\mathrm{hel} > 0.0025$, the Pantheon redshifts favour $H_0 \simeq 72$ km/s/Mpc, while the JLA redshifts favour $H_0 \simeq 68$ km/s/Mpc. Thus the discrepancies between SNe Ia datasets are sufficient to undermine the claimed `Hubble tension'. We further note the systematic variation of $H_0$ by $\sim$ 6-9 km/s/Mpc across the sky seen in multiple datasets, implying that it cannot be measured locally to better than $\sim$ 10% in a model-independent manner.