Tolman lengths and rigidity constants from free-energy functionals -- General expressions and comparison of theories

TL;DR

This paper derives general expressions for curvature-related surface tension corrections in non-local density functional theories and compares predictions from full DFT, pDGT, and DGT for various fluids, highlighting differences for larger molecules.

Contribution

It provides rigorous formulas for Tolman length and rigidity constants applicable to any non-local DFT and compares these with simpler models for fluids and mixtures.

Findings

DFT and DGT predict similar Tolman lengths for small molecules

DGT underpredicts Tolman length for most fluids except water

Deviations between models increase with alkane chain length

Abstract

The leading order terms in a curvature expansion of the surface tension, the Tolman length (first order), and rigidities (second order) have been shown to play an important role in the description of nucleation processes. This work presents general and rigorous expressions to compute these quantities for any non-local density functional theory (DFT). The expressions hold for pure fluids and mixtures, and reduce to the known expressions from density gradient theory (DGT). The framework is applied to a Helmholtz energy functional based on the perturbed chain polar statistical associating fluid theory (PCP-SAFT) and is used for an extensive investigation of curvature corrections for pure fluids and mixtures. Predictions from the full DFT are compared to two simpler theories: predictive density gradient theory (pDGT), that has a density and temperature dependent influence matrix derived from DFT, and DGT, where the influence parameter reproduces the surface tension as predicted from DFT. All models are based on the same equation of state and predict similar Tolman lengths and spherical rigidities for small molecules, but the deviations between DFT and DGT increase with chain length for the alkanes. For all components except water, we find that DGT underpredicts the value of the Tolman length, but overpredicts the value of the spherical rigidity. An important basis for the calculation is an accurate prediction of the planar surface tension. Therefore, further work is required to accurately extract Tolman lengths and rigidities of alkanols, because DFT with PCP-SAFT does not accurately predict surface tensions of these fluids.