Simultaneous Certification of Entangled States and Measurements in Bounded Dimensional Semi-Quantum Games

TL;DR

This paper introduces a semi-quantum game framework that allows for the certification of entangled states and measurements in bounded dimensions without requiring full device characterization, enhancing practical quantum certification methods.

Contribution

It presents a novel bounded-dimensional measurement-device-independent game that certifies entangled states and Bell measurements simultaneously, with applications to entanglement swapping protocols.

Findings

Certifies pure entangled states and Bell measurements using semi-quantum games.

Does not require complete Bell state measurement, aiding experimental implementation.

Interprets the certification process as a source-independent entanglement swapping protocol.

Abstract

Certification of quantum systems and operations is a central task in quantum information processing. Most current schemes rely on a tomography with fully characterised devices, while this may not be met in real experiments. Device characterisations can be removed with device-independent tests, it is technically challenging at the moment, though. In this letter, we investigate the problem of certifying entangled states and measurements via semi-quantum games, a type of non-local quantum games with well characterised quantum inputs, balancing practicality and device-independence. We first design a specific bounded-dimensional measurement-device-independent game, with which we simultaneously certify any pure entangled state and Bell state measurement operators. Afterwards via a duality treatment of state and measurement, we interpret the dual form of this game as a source-independent bounded-dimensional entanglement swapping protocol and show the whole process, including any entangled projector and Bell states, can be certified with this protocol. In particular, our results do not require a complete Bell state measurement, which is beneficial for experiments and practical use.