Causes of the Diurnal Variation observed in $\gamma$-ray Spectrum using NaI (Tl) Detector

TL;DR

This study investigates the diurnal variation in gamma-ray spectra detected by NaI(Tl) detectors, linking it to radon progeny and atmospheric conditions, revealing seasonal and environmental influences on background radioactivity.

Contribution

It identifies radon-related radioactivity as the cause of diurnal gamma-ray variations and analyzes their seasonal and atmospheric dependencies.

Findings

Diurnal gamma-ray variation is linked to radon progeny.

Variation amplitude depends on season, highest in April-May.

Atmospheric parameters influence radon progeny distribution.

Abstract

Present paper studies the $\gamma$-ray spectrum observed using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector over a year. The paper reports the presence of a distinct diurnal pattern in the total number of $\gamma$-ray counts detected by the NaI detector. The counts start decreasing after sunrise and show gradual recovery after sunset. The amplitude of this variation is quite significant ( > 10%) at the observation site Tirunelveli, South India. However, further investigation based on different energy ranges reveals that the mentioned diurnal pattern is actually present only in the energies related to the terrestrial background radioactivity. The study demonstrates that the pattern is associated with the radioactivity of isotopes of radon ($^{222}$Rn and $^{220}$Rn) and their daughter radionuclides. The amplitude of the diurnal variation is found to have seasonal dependence, with the lowest amplitude during June-October (~ 2%), and highest in April-May months (~ 14%). The dependence of the amplitude of the diurnal variation on various atmospheric parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and vertical wind is examined. The observed diurnal pattern is attributed to the generation of the inversion layer. The distribution of concentration of radon and thoron progenies in an air column changes with the vertical mixing and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), resulting in the diurnal variation of $\gamma$-rays.