Switching Quantum Reference Frames for Quantum Measurement

TL;DR

This paper integrates quantum measurement theory into a first-principles framework for quantum reference frames, enabling derivation of transformation operators and offering new conceptual insights into quantum measurements relative to quantum systems.

Contribution

It bridges the gap between operational and first-principles approaches by embedding measurement theory into the perspective-neutral framework for quantum reference frames.

Findings

Quantum measurement can be incorporated into the perspective-neutral framework.

Transformation operators between QRFs can be derived from first principles.

Projection in measurement occurs after redundancy reduction.

Abstract

Physical observation is made relative to a reference frame which is essentially a quantum system. Thus, a quantum system must be described relative to a quantum reference frame (QRF). Further requirements on QRF include using only relational observables and not assuming the existence of external reference frame. To address these requirements, two approaches are proposed in the literature. The first one is an operational approach (F. Giacomini, et al, Nat. Comm. 10:494, 2019) which focuses on the quantization of transformation between QRFs. The second approach attempts to derive the quantum transformation between QRFs from first principles (A. Vanrietvelde, et al, \textit{Quantum} 4:225, 2020). Such first principle approach describes physical systems as symmetry induced constrained Hamiltonian systems. The Dirac quantization of such systems before removing redundancy is interpreted as perspective-neutral description. Then, a systematic redundancy reduction procedure is introduced to derive description from perspective of a QRF. The first principle approach recovers some of the results from the operational approach, but not yet include an important part of a quantum theory - the measurement theory. This paper is intended to bridge the gap. We show that the von Neumann quantum measurement theory can be embedded into the perspective-neutral framework. This allows us to successfully recover the results found in the operational approach, with the advantage that the transformation operator can be derived from the first principle. In addition, the formulation presented here reveals several interesting conceptual insights. For instance, the projection operation in measurement needs to be performed after redundancy reduction. These results represent one step forward in understanding how quantum measurement should be formulated when the reference frame is also a quantum system.