Linear-mode avalanche photodiode arrays for low-noise near-infrared imaging in space

TL;DR

This paper discusses the development and potential space application of linear-mode avalanche photodiode arrays, which significantly reduce read noise and enable advanced near-infrared astronomical imaging from space.

Contribution

It reports on the progress towards deploying SAPHIRA LmAPD arrays in space, highlighting their low-noise performance and suitability for high-speed, low-light astronomical observations.

Findings

Read noise reduced to <0.2 electrons

Enabling space-based near-infrared sky surveys

First in-orbit demonstration planned on ISS

Abstract

Astronomical observations often require the detection of faint signals in the presence of noise, and the near-infrared regime is no exception. In particular, where the application has short exposure time constraints, we are frequently and unavoidably limited by the read noise of a system. A recent and revolutionary development in detector technology is that of linear-mode avalanche photodiode (LmAPD) arrays. By the introduction of a signal multiplication region within the device, effective read noise can be reduced to <0.2 e-, enabling the detection of very small signals at frame rates of up to 1 kHz. This is already impacting ground-based astronomy in high-speed applications such as wavefront sensing and fringe tracking, but has not yet been exploited for scientific space missions. We present the current status of a collaboration with Leonardo MW - creators of the 'SAPHIRA' LmAPD array - as we work towards the first in-orbit demonstration of a SAPHIRA device in 'Emu', a hosted payload on the International Space Station. The Emu mission will fully benefit from the 'noiseless' gains offered by LmAPD technology as it produces a time delay integration photometric sky survey at 1.4 microns, using compact readout electronics developed at the Australian National University. This is just one example of a use case that could not be achieved with conventional infrared sensors.