Multi-Agent Connected Autonomous Driving using Deep Reinforcement Learning

TL;DR

This paper introduces a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework for connected autonomous driving, proposing a new formulation using Partially Observable Markov Games and providing a simulation platform for multi-agent training.

Contribution

It presents MACAD-Gym, an extensible simulation platform for multi-agent autonomous driving research, and formulates the problem using POSG to handle complex multi-agent interactions.

Findings

Successfully trained control policies for multiple vehicles at urban intersections.

Provided a taxonomy for multi-agent driving environments.

Developed a scalable simulation platform for deep RL in autonomous driving.

Abstract

The capability to learn and adapt to changes in the driving environment is crucial for developing autonomous driving systems that are scalable beyond geo-fenced operational design domains. Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) provides a promising and scalable framework for developing adaptive learning based solutions. Deep RL methods usually model the problem as a (Partially Observable) Markov Decision Process in which an agent acts in a stationary environment to learn an optimal behavior policy. However, driving involves complex interaction between multiple, intelligent (artificial or human) agents in a highly non-stationary environment. In this paper, we propose the use of Partially Observable Markov Games(POSG) for formulating the connected autonomous driving problems with realistic assumptions. We provide a taxonomy of multi-agent learning environments based on the nature of tasks, nature of agents and the nature of the environment to help in categorizing various autonomous driving problems that can be addressed under the proposed formulation. As our main contributions, we provide MACAD-Gym, a Multi-Agent Connected, Autonomous Driving agent learning platform for furthering research in this direction. Our MACAD-Gym platform provides an extensible set of Connected Autonomous Driving (CAD) simulation environments that enable the research and development of Deep RL- based integrated sensing, perception, planning and control algorithms for CAD systems with unlimited operational design domain under realistic, multi-agent settings. We also share the MACAD-Agents that were trained successfully using the MACAD-Gym platform to learn control policies for multiple vehicle agents in a partially observable, stop-sign controlled, 3-way urban intersection environment with raw (camera) sensor observations.