Merging of Soap Bubbles and Why Surfactant Matters

TL;DR

This study investigates the fluid mechanics of soap bubble merging, highlighting the role of surfactant concentration in rim stability, microbubble formation, and the resulting fractal structures during coalescence.

Contribution

It provides experimental insights into the merging process of soap bubbles, emphasizing the impact of surfactants on rim instability and microbubble creation.

Findings

High surfactant concentrations cause rim pinching and microbubble formation.

Dimple formation leads to non-uniform rim velocity and Rayleigh-Taylor instability.

Fractal dendritic structures emerge after coalescence at high surfactant levels.

Abstract

The merging of two soap bubbles is a fundamental fluid mechanical process in foam formation. In the present experimental study the liquid films from two soap bubbles are brought together. Once the liquid layers initially separated by a gas sheet are bridged on a single spot the rapid merging of the two liquid films proceed. Thereby the connecting rim is rapidly accelerated into the separating gas layer. We show that due to the dimple formation the velocity is not uniform and the high acceleration causes initially a Rayleigh-Taylor instability of the liquid rim. At later times, the rim takes heals into a circular shape. However for sufficient high concentrations of the surfactant the unstable rim pinches off microbubbles resulting in a fractal dendritic structure after coalescence.