Kolmogorovian versus non-Kolmogorovian probabilities in contextual theories

TL;DR

This paper explores how quantum probabilities can be understood as classical averages over microscopic contexts within a Kolmogorovian framework, offering an epistemic interpretation and unifying classical, statistical, and quantum theories.

Contribution

It introduces a class of theories where probabilities are classical averages over contexts, providing an epistemic interpretation for quantum probability within a Kolmogorovian framework.

Findings

Quantum probability can be derived from classical averages over contexts.

The framework unifies classical, statistical, and quantum theories.

Quantum probabilities are non-Kolmogorovian due to contextual averaging.

Abstract

Most scholars maintain that quantum mechanics (QM) is a contextual theory and that quantum probability does not allow an epistemic (ignorance) interpretation. By inquiring possible connections between contextuality and non-classical probabilities we show that a class T of theories can be selected in which probabilities are introduced as classical averages of Kolmogorovian probabilities over sets of (microscopic) contexts, which endows them with an epistemic interpretation. The conditions characterizing T are compatible with classical mechanics (CM), statistical mechanics (SM) and QM, hence we assume that these theories belong to T. In the case of CM and QM this assumption is irrelevant, as all notions introduced in them as members of T reduce to standard notions. In the case of QM it leads to interpret quantum probability as a derived notion in a Kolmogorovian framework, explains why it is non-Kolmogorovian and provides it with an epistemic interpretation. These results were anticipated in a previous paper but are obtained here in a general framework without referring to individual objects, which shows that they hold even if only a minimal (statistical) interpretation of QM is adopted to avoid the problems following from the standard quantum theory of measurement.