Characterization of a supersonic gas jet via laser-induced photoelectron ionization

TL;DR

This paper characterizes a pulsed supersonic rare gas beam for ultracold atom applications, measuring its velocity distribution, temperature, and density, and discusses skimmer interference effects impacting beam quality.

Contribution

It provides detailed measurements of the beam's temperature and density, confirming the beam meets application requirements and analyzing skimmer interference effects.

Findings

Achieved mK regime temperatures at 1000 mm from nozzle

Measured beam density of ~10^11 atoms/cm^3

Identified skimmer interference reduces density by over tenfold

Abstract

We describe the characterization of a pulsed supersonic rare gas beam which is intended to serve as an ultracold neutral atom target for the production of an ultrashort ion pulse via femtosecond photoionization. The velocity distribution of atoms entrained in the beam is measured and characterized by temperatures $T_\parallel$ and $T_\perp$ in directions along and perpendicular to the beam propagation, respectively. It is shown that $T_\perp$ values in the mK regime are achieved at distances of the order of 1000 mm from the nozzle. Moreover, the center beam density at this position is measured to be of the order of $10^{11} atoms/cm^{3}$. Both findings are essential for the intended application and confirm the targeted beam specifications. Comparison with theoretical estimates reveals the well-known skimmer interference effect, which is found to reduce the beam density by more than one order of magnitude.