Ferrofluid Droplet Behavior on Gradient Surfaces Inside a Uniform Magnetic Field

TL;DR

This study investigates the motion of ferrofluid droplets on gradient surfaces under uniform magnetic fields, revealing deviations from classical models and identifying different dynamic regimes influenced by viscosity and magnetic forces.

Contribution

It demonstrates that ferrofluid droplet movement under magnetic fields does not follow the Lucas-Washburn equation and introduces a new understanding of the initial visco-capillary regime.

Findings

Droplet movement scales as t^(1/3) instead of t^(1/2)

Initial motion follows Tanner's Law with t^(1/10) scaling

Magnetic effects dominate after initial visco-capillary phase

Abstract

The spontaneous motion of liquid droplets on solid surfaces is the result of an unbalanced surface tension force, which is sometimes called the "Marangoni effect". This can be triggered by either a difference in surface temperature or a heterogeneity in the topography or chemistry of the surface passively or actively. The imbibition of liquid within capillary tubes, horizontal ice wicking on either hydrophilic or hydrophobic substrates, and inkjet printing for example are just some classic illustrations of where the Lucas-Washburn equation can predict droplet behavior characteristics fairly well. In contrast, this study reveals an example of droplet behavior not previously studied that is not well-predicted by the Lucas-Washburn equation, namely the motion of ferrofluid droplets in the presence of uniform magnetic field. When a ferrofluid droplet is horizontally exposed to an external uniform magnetic field on a biphilic surface tension gradient in the shape of a wedge, it appears to violates the Lucas-Washburn equation which predicts that droplet travel distance should scale with the square root of time (i.e. l~t^(1/2)). Rather, our experimental results suggest that the movement of the ferrofluid droplet is slower following the relationship, (l~t^(1/3)). Furthermore, due to the relatively high viscosity of water-based ferrofluid droplets, we observed that at the beginning of the motion, the visco-capillary effect dominates the effects of the magnetism, and the droplets tend to follow the well-known relationship, (l~t^(1/10)). This initial stage of droplet spreading is known as "Tanner's Law".