Quantifying the Semantic Core of Gender Systems

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether grammatical gender assignments in inanimate nouns are arbitrary or systematically related to their lexical semantics across multiple languages, revealing significant correlations in 18 languages.

Contribution

It introduces a large-scale analysis using canonical correlation analysis to quantify the semantic basis of gender assignments in inanimate nouns across diverse languages.

Findings

18 languages show significant correlation between gender and semantics

Gender assignments are not entirely arbitrary but systematically related to lexical meaning

The study provides empirical evidence for semantic patterns in gender systems

Abstract

Many of the world's languages employ grammatical gender on the lexeme. For example, in Spanish, the word for 'house' (casa) is feminine, whereas the word for 'paper' (papel) is masculine. To a speaker of a genderless language, this assignment seems to exist with neither rhyme nor reason. But is the assignment of inanimate nouns to grammatical genders truly arbitrary? We present the first large-scale investigation of the arbitrariness of noun-gender assignments. To that end, we use canonical correlation analysis to correlate the grammatical gender of inanimate nouns with an externally grounded definition of their lexical semantics. We find that 18 languages exhibit a significant correlation between grammatical gender and lexical semantics.