Deep Horizon; a machine learning network that recovers accreting black hole parameters

TL;DR

Deep Horizon employs convolutional neural networks to accurately estimate black hole parameters from shadow images, demonstrating potential for future high-resolution space-based observations.

Contribution

This work introduces two deep neural networks for extracting physical parameters from black hole shadow images, including a Bayesian regression and a classification network, with analysis of resolution effects.

Findings

Current EHT resolution limits parameter recovery to mass and accretion rate.

Deep Horizon can accurately recover parameters at higher resolutions expected from future space missions.

Networks perform well at 690 GHz, simulating future observational capabilities.

Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope recently observed the first shadow of a black hole. Images like this can potentially be used to test or constrain theories of gravity and deepen the understanding in plasma physics at event horizon scales, which requires accurate parameter estimations. In this work, we present Deep Horizon, two convolutional deep neural networks that recover the physical parameters from images of black hole shadows. We investigate the effects of a limited telescope resolution and observations at higher frequencies. We trained two convolutional deep neural networks on a large image library of simulated mock data. The first network is a Bayesian deep neural regression network and is used to recover the viewing angle $i$, and position angle, mass accretion rate $\dot{M}$, electron heating prescription $R_{\rm high}$ and the black hole mass $M_{\rm BH}$. The second network is a classification network that recovers the black hole spin $a$. We find that with the current resolution of the Event Horizon Telescope, it is only possible to accurately recover a limited number of parameters of a static image, namely the mass and mass accretion rate. Since potential future space-based observing missions will operate at frequencies above 230 GHz, we also investigated the applicability of our network at a frequency of 690 GHz. The expected resolution of space-based missions is higher than the current resolution of the Event Horizon Telescope, and we show that Deep Horizon can accurately recover the parameters of simulated observations with a comparable resolution to such missions.