Modeling uncertainties in X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements I: Impact of higher order disk images

TL;DR

This study investigates how higher order disk images affect X-ray reflection measurements around black holes, finding that their impact is minimal for current and upcoming X-ray observations, simplifying modeling efforts.

Contribution

The paper introduces an analysis of higher order disk images' effects on relativistic reflection models, showing their negligible influence on parameter recovery in typical observations.

Findings

Higher order disk images have minimal impact on current X-ray measurements.

The effect varies with black hole spin and disk inclination.

Current models can safely ignore these effects for most observations.

Abstract

There are many simplifications in current relativistic reflection models and this introduces systematic uncertainties in the measurement of the properties of the source. In this paper, we study the impact of the radiation crossing the equatorial plane between the black hole and the inner edge of the accretion disk; that is, the radiation produced by the other side of the disk or circling the black hole one or more times (higher order disk images). For slow-rotating black holes with a larger plunging region, the effect is not very sensitive to the exact inclination angle of the disk. For fast-rotating black holes with a smaller plunging region, the effect is very weak for low inclination angles and becomes more important as the angle increases. We simulate some observations without and with higher order disk images and fit the data with the reflection model RELXILL_NK to check its capability of recovering the correct input parameters. Our results suggest that the effect of higher order disk images can be safely ignored for observations with present and near future X-ray missions, even for tests of the Kerr hypothesis.