Eigenvalues and triangles in graphs

TL;DR

This paper proves a conjecture relating eigenvalues of graphs without triangles, characterizes extremal graphs, and provides conditions under which non-bipartite graphs must contain triangles, extending classical theorems.

Contribution

It confirms the Bollobás-Nikiforov conjecture for r=2 using doubly stochastic matrices and characterizes extremal graphs, also establishing new eigenvalue-based triangle existence conditions.

Findings

Confirmed the conjecture for r=2.

Characterized extremal graphs for the eigenvalue inequality.

Established eigenvalue conditions guaranteeing triangle presence.

Abstract

Bollob\'as and Nikiforov [J. Combin. Theory, Ser. B. 97 (2007) 859--865] conjectured the following. If $G$ is a $K_{r+1}$-free graph on at least $r+1$ vertices and $m$ edges, then $\lambda^2_1(G)+\lambda^2_2(G)\leq \frac{r-1}{r}\cdot2m$, where $\lambda_1(G)$ and $\lambda_2(G)$ are the largest and the second largest eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix $A(G)$, respectively. In this paper, we confirm the conjecture in the case $r=2$, by using tools from doubly stochastic matrix theory, and also characterize all families of extremal graphs. Motivated by classic theorems due to Erd\H{o}s and Nosal respectively, we prove that every non-bipartite graph $G$ of order $n$ and size $m$ contains a triangle, if one of the following is true: (1) $\lambda_1(G)\geq\sqrt{m-1}$ and $G\neq C_5\cup (n-5)K_1$; and (2) $\lambda_1(G)\geq \lambda_1(S(K_{\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor,\lceil\frac{n-1}{2}\rceil}))$ and $G\neq S(K_{\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor,\lceil\frac{n-1}{2}\rceil})$, where $S(K_{\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor,\lceil\frac{n-1}{2}\rceil})$ is obtained from $K_{\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor,\lceil\frac{n-1}{2}\rceil}$ by subdividing an edge. Both conditions are best possible. We conclude this paper with some open problems.