The Structural Dynamics of the World Trade Center Catastrophe

TL;DR

This paper refines a collapse model for the World Trade Center, providing a more physically sound analysis of the tower's downward movement and upward resistance force during the collapse, extending the analysis to later times.

Contribution

It offers a more physically accurate collapse model and extends the analysis of the North Tower's collapse to 9 seconds, revealing higher resistance forces than previously estimated.

Findings

Resistive force during collapse is higher between 4-7 seconds.

Model reproduces initial collapse resistance similar to prior models.

Extended analysis includes data up to 9 seconds after collapse start.

Abstract

Ba\v{z}ant et al. have proposed a model of a gravity-driven collapse of a tall building which collapses in a progressive-floor collapse after the failure of a single storey. The model allows the re-computation of the structural resistance of the building once the downward movement of the building has been quantified. We give a physically more sound version of the collapse model, and determine the downward movement of the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Thereby we reproduce a value for the upward resisting force during the collapse that is similar to what has been achieved by Ba\v{z}ant et al. for the first three seconds of the collapse. However, our method of measurement also includes data up to 9 seconds after collapse initiation. These data show a much bigger upward resistance force between 4 and 7 seconds after collapse initiation