Achieving Ethical Algorithmic Behaviour in the Internet-of-Things: a Review

TL;DR

This review paper explores ethical challenges in the Internet-of-Things, analyzing issues like security, bias, and accountability, and reviews recent approaches to ensure ethical autonomous behaviour in connected devices.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of ethical concerns and compares recent strategies for addressing autonomy and ethics in IoT systems, suggesting a multi-pronged approach.

Findings

Identifies key ethical issues such as security, bias, and accountability.

Reviews recent methods like programming ethics and validation techniques.

Suggests a multi-faceted approach based on context.

Abstract

The Internet-of-Things is emerging as a vast inter-connected space of devices and things surrounding people, many of which are increasingly capable of autonomous action, from automatically sending data to cloud servers for analysis, changing the behaviour of smart objects, to changing the physical environment. A wide range of ethical concerns has arisen in their usage and development in recent years. Such concerns are exacerbated by the increasing autonomy given to connected things. This paper reviews, via examples, the landscape of ethical issues, and some recent approaches to address these issues, concerning connected things behaving autonomously, as part of the Internet-of-Things. We consider ethical issues in relation to device operations and accompanying algorithms. Examples of concerns include unsecured consumer devices, data collection with health related Internet-of-Things, hackable vehicles and behaviour of autonomous vehicles in dilemma situations, accountability with Internet-of-Things systems, algorithmic bias, uncontrolled cooperation among things, and automation affecting user choice and control. Current ideas towards addressing a range of ethical concerns are reviewed and compared, including programming ethical behaviour, whitebox algorithms, blackbox validation, algorithmic social contracts, enveloping IoT systems, and guidelines and code of ethics for IoT developers - a suggestion from the analysis is that a multi-pronged approach could be useful, based on the context of operation and deployment.