Effective energy density determines the dynamics of suspensions of active and passive matter

TL;DR

This paper introduces the effective energy density as a key parameter that unifies the effects of particle velocity and density in active-passive suspension dynamics, providing a comprehensive understanding of their collective behavior.

Contribution

The study proposes and validates the effective energy density as a novel parameter that captures the combined influence of particle velocity and density on suspension properties.

Findings

Effective energy density correlates with pair formation rates.

It unifies the effects of velocity and density on suspension dynamics.

Numerical simulations confirm its predictive power.

Abstract

The unique properties of suspensions containing both active (self-propelling) and passive matter, arising from the nonequilibrium nature of these systems, have been widely studied (e.g., enhanced diffusion, phase separation, and directed motion). Despite this, our understanding of the specific roles played by the relevant parameters of the constituent particles remains incomplete. For instance, to what extent are the velocity and density of swimmers qualitatively distinguishable when it comes to the resultant properties of the suspension as a whole, and when are they merely two different realizations of the same thing? Through the use of numerical simulations, containing both steric and hydrodynamic interactions, we investigate a new parameter, the effective energy density, and its ability to uniquely describe the dynamics and properties of a hybrid system of active and passive particles, including the rate of pair formation and the energy distribution amongst different constituent elements. This parameter depends on both the density and the swimming velocity of the active elements, unifying them into a single variable that surpasses the descriptive ability of either alone.