A blueprint of state-of-the-art techniques for detecting quasi-periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares

TL;DR

This paper evaluates and provides guidelines for detecting quasi-periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares, emphasizing the importance of methodological rigor to improve detection reliability.

Contribution

It offers a comprehensive blueprint and eight key recommendations for robust QPP detection, based on simulated data and blind testing exercises.

Findings

QPPs can be reliably detected with proper methods

Detection success depends on careful data preprocessing

Recommendations reduce false positives in QPP identification

Abstract

Quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) appear to be a common feature observed in the light curves of both solar and stellar flares. However, their quasi-periodic nature, along with the fact that they can be small in amplitude and short-lived, makes QPPs difficult to unequivocally detect. In this paper, we test the strengths and limitations of state-of-the-art methods for detecting QPPs using a series of hare-and-hounds exercises. The hare simulated a set of flares, both with and without QPPs of a variety of forms, while the hounds attempted to detect QPPs in blind tests. We use the results of these exercises to create a blueprint for anyone who wishes to detect QPPs in real solar and stellar data. We present eight clear recommendations to be kept in mind for future QPP detections, with the plethora of solar and stellar flare data from new and future satellites. These recommendations address the key pitfalls in QPP detection, including detrending, trimming data, accounting for colored noise, detecting stationary-period QPPs, detecting QPPs with nonstationary periods, and ensuring that detections are robust and false detections are minimized. We find that QPPs can be detected reliably and robustly by a variety of methods, which are clearly identified and described, if the appropriate care and due diligence are taken.