Linear chirp instability analysis for ultrafast pulse metrology

TL;DR

This paper investigates a hidden pulse train instability caused by chirp that is difficult to detect with common measurement techniques, emphasizing the importance of careful analysis in ultrafast pulse characterization.

Contribution

It identifies a previously overlooked chirp-only instability in ultrafast pulses that evades autocorrelation detection but can be revealed by FROG, SPIDER, and dispersion scan methods.

Findings

Chirp-only instability is nearly invisible to autocorrelation.

FROG, SPIDER, and dispersion scan can detect the instability.

Chirp instability is the most hidden form of pulse train incoherence.

Abstract

Pulse train instabilities have often given rise to confusion in misinterpretation in ultrafast pulse characterization measurements. Most prominently known as the coherent artifact, a partially mode-locked laser with non-periodic waveform may still produce an autocorrelation that has often been misinterpreted as indication for a coherent pulse train. Some modern pulse characterization methods easily miss the presence of a coherent artifact, too. Here we address the particularly difficult situation of a pulse train with chirp-only instability. This instability is shown to be virtually invisible to autocorrelation measurements, but can be detected with FROG, SPIDER, and dispersion scan. Our findings clearly show that great care is necessary to rule out a chirp instability in lasers with unclear mode-locking mechanism and in compression experiments in the single-cycle regime. Among all dynamical pulse train instabilities analyzed so far, this instability appears to be the best hidden incoherence and is most difficult to detect.