The mechanics of solid-state nanofoaming

TL;DR

This study investigates the solid-state nanofoaming of PMMA using CO₂, developing a numerical model to predict cell growth and porosity, and analyzing how microstructure and material properties influence foam formation.

Contribution

A one-dimensional model for solid-state nanofoaming of PMMA is developed, incorporating experimental data and accounting for CO₂ diffusion and cell wall failure.

Findings

Porosity sensitivity to foaming conditions is quantified.

Model predictions align with experimental measurements.

Cell wall failure strain depends on wall thickness.

Abstract

Solid-state nanofoaming experiments are conducted on two PMMA grades of markedly different molecular weight using CO$_2$ as the blowing agent. The sensitivity of porosity to foaming time and foaming temperature is measured. Also, the microstructure of the PMMA nanofoams is characterised in terms of cell size and cell nucleation density. A one dimensional numerical model is developed to predict the growth of spherical, gas-filled voids during the solid-state foaming process. Diffusion of CO$_2$ within the PMMA matrix is sufficiently rapid for the concentration of CO$_2$ to remain almost uniform spatially. The foaming model makes use of experimentally calibrated constitutive laws for the uniaxial stress versus strain response of the PMMA grades as a function of strain rate and temperature, and the effect of dissolved CO$_2$ is accounted for by a shift in the glass transition temperature of the PMMA. The maximum achievable porosity is interpreted in terms of cell wall tearing and comparisons are made between the predictions of the model and nanofoaming measurements; it is deduced that the failure strain of the cell walls is sensitive to cell wall thickness.