Constraints on nature of ultra light dark matter particles with 21cm forest

TL;DR

This paper proposes using 21cm forest observations to constrain the properties of ultra-light dark matter particles, achieving bounds on their mass and fraction that surpass current Lyman-alpha forest limits, especially at small scales.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method utilizing 21cm forest data to probe ultra-light dark matter, extending the mass sensitivity beyond existing techniques and analyzing parameter constraints.

Findings

21cm forest can probe dark matter masses down to 10^{-18} eV for f_u=1.

21cm forest constraints are three orders of magnitude stronger than Lyman-alpha forest limits.

Optimal detection parameters include a mass of 10^{-20} eV and a fraction of 0.3.

Abstract

The ultra-light scalar fields can arise ubiquitously, for instance, as a result of the spontaneous breaking of an approximate symmetry such as the axion and more generally the axion-like particles. In addition to the particle physics motivations, these particles can also play a major role in cosmology by contributing to dark matter abundance and affecting the structure formation at sub-Mpc scales. In this paper, we propose to use the 21cm forest observations to probe the nature of ultra-light dark matter. The 21cm forest can probe much smaller scales than the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest, that is, $k\gtrsim 10\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$. We explore the range of the ultra-light dark matter mass $m_{u}$ and $f_u$, the fraction of ultra-light dark matter with respect to the total matter, which can be probed by the 21cm forest. We find that 21cm forest can potentially put the dark matter mass lower bound $m_u \gtrsim 10^{-18}$ eV for $f_u=1$, which is 3 orders of magnitude bigger mass scale than those probed by the current Lyman-$\alpha$ forest observations.While the effects of the ultra-light particles on the structure formation become smaller when the dominant component of dark matter is composed of the conventional cold dark matter, we find that the 21cm forest is still powerful enough to probe the sub-component ultra-light dark matter mass up to the order of $10^{-19}$ eV. The Fisher matrix analysis shows that $(m_u,f_u)\sim (10^{-20}\mathrm{eV}, 0.3)$ is the most optimal parameter set which the 21cm forest can probe with the minimal errors for a sub-component ultra-light dark matter scenario.