Observing the deformation of nuclei with relativistic nuclear collisions

TL;DR

This paper proposes that relativistic nuclear collision experiments can directly measure nuclear deformation by analyzing high-multiplicity events with specific geometric characteristics, revealing the shape of nuclei through elliptic flow measurements.

Contribution

It introduces a method to infer nuclear deformation directly from collision event characteristics and elliptic flow measurements in collider experiments.

Findings

High-multiplicity events correlate with fully overlapping ellipsoids.

Elliptic flow measurements reveal nuclear shape deformation.

Collision geometry can be probed through particle emission patterns.

Abstract

I show that particle collider experiments on relativistic nuclear collisions can serve as direct probes of the deformation of the colliding nuclear species. I argue that collision events presenting very large multiplicities of particles and very small values of the average transverse momentum of the emitted hadrons probe collision geometries in which the nuclear ellipsoids fully overlap along their longer side. By looking at these events one selects interaction regions whose elliptic anisotropy is determined by the deformed nuclear shape, which becomes accessible experimentally through the measurement of the elliptic flow of outgoing hadrons.