Detection of phosphorus-bearing molecules towards a Solar-type protostar

TL;DR

This study reports the detection of phosphorus-bearing molecules PO and PN in a Solar-type protostar, revealing their abundance, likely shock origin, and potential insights into phosphorus storage in star-forming regions.

Contribution

First detection of phosphorus molecules PO and PN in a Solar-type protostar, providing new insights into phosphorus chemistry in star formation environments.

Findings

Phosphorus abundance in molecules is 0.05-0.5% of solar phosphorus.

PO/PN ratio is ~1-3, consistent across various environments.

Phosphorus emission likely originates from shocked gas associated with outflows.

Abstract

Phosphorus is a key ingredient in terrestrial biochemistry, but is rarely observed in the molecular ISM and therefore little is known about how it is inherited during the star and planet formation sequence. We present observations of the phosphorus-bearing molecules PO and PN towards the Class I low-mass protostar B1-a using the IRAM 30m telescope, representing the second detection of phosphorus carriers in a Solar-type star forming region. The P/H abundance contained in PO and PN is ~10$^{-10}$-10$^{-9}$ depending on the assumed source size, accounting for just 0.05-0.5% of the solar phosphorus abundance and implying significant sequestration of phosphorus in refractory material. Based on a comparison of the PO and PN line profiles with the shock tracers SiO, SO$_2$, and CH$_3$OH, the phosphorus molecule emission seems to originate from shocked gas and is likely associated with a protostellar outflow. We find a PO/PN column density ratio of ~1-3, which is consistent with the values measured in the shocked outflow of the low-mass protostar L1157, the massive star-forming regions W51 and W3(OH), and the galactic center GMC G+0.693-0.03. This narrow range of PO/PN ratios across sources with a range of environmental conditions is surprising, and likely encodes information on how phosphorus carriers are stored in grain mantles.