Galactic Winds in Low-Mass Galaxies

TL;DR

This study uses deep Hapha observations to detect and analyze galactic winds in nearby dwarf galaxies, revealing that star formation concentration influences wind development and that expelled material mostly remains in the halo, challenging some simulation predictions.

Contribution

First observational evidence linking star formation concentration to wind development in low-mass galaxies using deep Hapha imaging.

Findings

Winds detected in 6 out of 12 dwarf galaxies.

Mass-loading factors range from 0.2 to 7.

Most expelled material remains in the halo, not escaping to intergalactic space.

Abstract

Stellar-feedback driven outflows are predicted to play a fundamental role in the baryon cycle of low-mass galaxies. However, observational constraints of winds in nearby dwarf galaxies are limited as outflows are transient, intrinsically low-surface brightness features, and, thus, difficult to detect. Using deep Hapha observations, we search for winds in a sample of twelve nearby dwarfs (M_* ~ 10^7 - 10^9.3 Msun) which host on-going or recent starbursts. We detect features which we classify as winds in 6 galaxies, fountain candidates in 5 galaxies, and diffuse ISM in 1 system. Winds are found preferentially in galaxies with centrally concentrated star formation, while fountains are found in galaxies with spatially distributed star formation. We suggest that the concentration of star formation is a predictor for whether a low-mass galaxy will develop a wind. The spatial extent of all detected ionized gas is limited (<1/10 virial radius) and would still be considered the ISM by cosmological simulations. Our observations suggest that the majority of material expelled from dwarfs does not escape to the intergalactic medium but remains in the halo and may be recycled to the galaxies. Derived mass-loading factors range from 0.2-7 (with only a weak dependency on circular velocity or stellar mass), in tension with higher values in simulations needed to reproduce realistic low-mass galaxies and resolve discrepancies with LambdaCDM. The sample is part of the panchromatic STARBurst IRegular Dwarf Survey - STARBIRDS - designed to characterize the starburst phenomenon in dwarf galaxies. We also report a previously uncatalogued nearby galaxy (J1118+7913).