Proportional 2-Choosability with a Bounded Palette

TL;DR

This paper explores proportional 2-choosability with a bounded palette, characterizing graphs that admit such colorings when palette size is limited, and establishing thresholds where the class of graphs changes.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of proportional $(2, extit{l})$-choosability with bounded palettes and characterizes these graphs for small palette sizes, extending previous work on equitable coloring.

Findings

Proportional (2, 2)-choosability is equivalent to equitable 2-colorability.

For ll  5, proportional (2, ll)-choosability coincides with proportional 2-choosability.

Complete characterization of connected proportional (2, ll)-choosable graphs for ll = 3, 4.

Abstract

Proportional choosability is a list coloring analogue of equitable coloring. Specifically, a $k$-assignment $L$ for a graph $G$ specifies a list $L(v)$ of $k$ available colors to each $v \in V(G)$. An $L$-coloring assigns a color to each vertex $v$ from its list $L(v)$. A proportional $L$-coloring of $G$ is a proper $L$-coloring in which each color $c \in \bigcup_{v \in V(G)} L(v)$ is used $\lfloor \eta(c)/k \rfloor$ or $\lceil \eta(c)/k \rceil$ times where $\eta(c)=\left\lvert{\{v \in V(G) : c \in L(v) \}}\right\rvert$. A graph $G$ is proportionally $k$-choosable if a proportional $L$-coloring of $G$ exists whenever $L$ is a $k$-assignment for $G$. Motivated by earlier work, we initiate the study of proportional choosability with a bounded palette by studying proportional 2-choosability with a bounded palette. In particular, when $\ell \geq 2$, a graph $G$ is said to be proportionally $(2, \ell)$-choosable if a proportional $L$-coloring of $G$ exists whenever $L$ is a $2$-assignment for $G$ satisfying $|\bigcup_{v \in V(G)} L(v)| \leq \ell$. We observe that a graph is proportionally $(2,2)$-choosable if and only if it is equitably 2-colorable. As $\ell$ gets larger, the set of proportionally $(2, \ell)$-choosable graphs gets smaller. We show that whenever $\ell \geq 5$ a graph is proportionally $(2, \ell)$-choosable if and only if it is proportionally 2-choosable. We also completely characterize the connected proportionally $(2, \ell)$-choosable graphs when $\ell = 3,4$.