Admissible Measurements and Robust Algorithms for Ptychography

TL;DR

This paper advances ptychography phase retrieval by analyzing measurement schemes for invertibility, improving magnitude recovery algorithms, and developing phase recovery methods accommodating large shifts, enhancing robustness and efficiency.

Contribution

It provides new theoretical insights into measurement scheme invertibility, introduces improved magnitude algorithms, and proposes phase recovery methods for large shifts in ptychography.

Findings

Identifies measurement schemes with invertible linear systems.

Develops improved algorithms for magnitude recovery.

Proposes phase recovery algorithms tolerant to large shifts.

Abstract

We study an approach to solving the phase retrieval problem as it arises in a phase-less imaging modality known as ptychography. In ptychography, small overlapping sections of an unknown sample (or signal, say $x_0\in \mathbb{C}^d$) are illuminated one at a time, often with a physical mask between the sample and light source. The corresponding measurements are the noisy magnitudes of the Fourier transform coefficients resulting from the pointwise product of the mask and the sample. The goal is to recover the original signal from such measurements. The algorithmic framework we study herein relies on first inverting a linear system of equations to recover a fraction of the entries in $x_0 x_0^*$ and then using non-linear techniques to recover the magnitudes and phases of the entries of $x_0$. Thus, this paper's contributions are three-fold. First, focusing on the linear part, it expands the theory studying which measurement schemes (i.e., masks, shifts of the sample) yield invertible linear systems, including an analysis of the conditioning of the resulting systems. Second, it analyzes a class of improved magnitude recovery algorithms and, third, it proposes and analyzes algorithms for phase recovery in the ptychographic setting where large shifts --- up to $50\%$ the size of the mask --- are permitted.