Merger induced clump formation in distant infrared luminous starburst galaxies

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that major galaxy mergers can induce bright stellar clumps in distant starburst galaxies, challenging the view that such clumps are solely due to disk instabilities, supported by observations and simulations.

Contribution

It provides evidence that galaxy mergers are a significant mechanism for clump formation, supported by high-resolution imaging, morphological analysis, and hydrodynamical simulations.

Findings

Merging galaxies show higher clumpiness than isolated disks.

Clumpiness correlates with merger stage, decreasing towards coalescence.

Simulations confirm merger-induced clump formation at z ~ 0.7.

Abstract

While the formation of stellar clumps in distant galaxies is usually attributed to gravitational violent disk instabilities, we show here that major mergers also represent a competitive mechanism to form bright clumps. Using ~0.1'' resolution ACS F814W images in the entire COSMOS field, we measure the fraction of clumpy emission in 109 main sequence (MS) and 79 Herschel-detected starbursts (off-MS) galaxies at 0.5 < z < 0.9, representative of normal versus merger induced star-forming activity, respectively. We additionally identify merger samples from visual inspection and from Gini-M20 morphological parameters. Regardless of the merger criteria adopted, the clumpiness distribution of merging systems is different from that of normal isolated disks at > 99.5 % confidence level, with the former reaching higher clumpiness values, up to 20 % of the total galaxy emission. We confirm the merger induced clumpiness enhancement with novel hydrodynamical simulations of colliding galaxies with gas fractions typical of z ~ 0.7. Multi-wavelength images of three starbursts in the CANDELS field support the young nature of clumps, which are likely merger products rather than older pre-existing structures. Finally, for a subset of 19 starbursts with existing near-IR rest frame spectroscopy, we find that the clumpiness is mildly anti-correlated with the merger phase, decreasing towards final coalescence. Our result can explain recent ALMA detections of clumps in hyperluminous high-z starbursts, while normal objects are smooth. This work raises a question on the role of mergers on the origin of clumps in high redshift galaxies in general.