Positive Ion Chemistry in an N$_2$-CH$_4$ Plasma Discharge: Key Precursors to the Growth of Titan Tholins

TL;DR

This study investigates positive ion chemistry in Titan's atmosphere using plasma simulations and mass spectrometry, identifying key cation precursors like C2 compounds that drive aerosol growth, especially at lower methane levels.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the ion chemistry responsible for organic growth in Titan's atmosphere, highlighting the role of C2 cations as precursors to aerosol formation.

Findings

C2 compounds like HCNH+ and C2H5+ are key precursors at low CH4 levels.

Amine cations dominate at low methane concentrations.

Ion populations vary significantly with methane mixing ratios.

Abstract

Titan is unique in the solar system as it hosts a dense atmosphere mainly made of N$_2$ and CH$_4$. Cassini-Huygens revealed the presence of an intense atmospheric photochemistry initiated by the photo-dissociation and ionization of N$_2$ and CH$_4$. In the upper atmosphere, Cassini detected signatures compatible with the presence of heavily charged molecules, precursors for the solid core of the aerosols. However, the processes coupling ion chemistry and aerosol formation and growth are still mostly unknown. In this study, we investigated the cation chemistry responsible for an efficient organic growth that we observe in Titan's upper atmosphere, simulated using the PAMPRE plasma reactor. Cation precursors were measured by in situ ion mass spectrometry in a cold plasma and compared with INMS observations taken during the T40 flyby. A series of positive ion measurements were performed in three CH$_4$ mixing ratios (1%, 5% and 10%) showing a variability in ion population. Low CH$_4$ concentrations result in an abundance of amine cations such as NH$_4^+$ whereas aliphatic compounds dominate at higher methane concentrations. In conditions of favored tholin production, the presence of C2 compounds such as HCNH$^+$ and C$_2$H$_5^+$ is found to be consistent with copolymeric growth structures seen in tholin material. The observed abundance of these two ions particularly in conditions with lower CH$_4$ amounts is consistent with modeling work simulating aerosol growth in Titan's ionosphere, which includes mass exchange primarily between HCNH$^+$ and C$_2$H$_5^+$ and negatively charged particles. These results also confirm the prevalent role of C2 cations as precursors to molecular growth and subsequent mass transfer to the charged aerosol particles as the CH$_4$ abundance decreases towards lower altitudes.