Experimental Quantum Network Coding

TL;DR

This paper reports the first experimental implementation of quantum network coding on a butterfly network, enabling high-fidelity transmission of quantum states and entanglement across distant nodes, advancing large-scale quantum communication.

Contribution

It demonstrates the first experimental realization of quantum network coding on the butterfly network using entangled photons, surpassing classical fidelity bounds.

Findings

Achieved high-fidelity quantum state transmission with 0.9685 fidelity.

Successfully transmitted entanglement with 0.9611 fidelity.

Surpassed theoretical fidelity bounds without prior entanglement.

Abstract

Distributing quantum state and entanglement between distant nodes is a crucial task in distributed quantum information processing on large-scale quantum networks. Quantum network coding provides an alternative solution for quantum state distribution especially when the bottleneck problems must be considered and high communication speed is required. Here, we report the first experimental realization of quantum network coding on the butterfly network. With the help of prior entanglements shared between senders, two quantum states can be crossly transmitted perfectly through the butterfly network. We demonstrate this protocol by employing eight photons generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We observe cross-transmission of single-photon states with an average fidelity of $0.9685\pm0.0013$, and that of two-photon entanglement with an average fidelity of $0.9611\pm0.0061$, both of which are greater than the theoretical upper bounds without prior entanglement.