Simultaneous individual and dipolar collective properties in binary assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles

TL;DR

This study investigates how binary mixtures of magnetic nanoparticles transition between individual and collective magnetic behaviors, revealing that specific properties, not the entire system, determine the collective response, with insights supported by simulations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that collective magnetic behavior depends on specific properties and heterogeneity, providing new understanding of dipolar interactions and anisotropy effects in nanoparticle assemblies.

Findings

M1 series shows collective behavior typical of strongly-coupled dipolar systems.

M2 series exhibits mixed properties, emphasizing property-specific collective behavior.

Simulations confirm the interplay between dipolar interactions, anisotropy, and heterogeneity.

Abstract

Applications based on aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles are becoming increasingly widespread, ranging from hyperthermia to magnetic recording. However, although some uses require a collective behavior, other need a more individual-like response, the conditions leading to either of these behaviors are still poorly understood. Here we use nanoscale-uniform binary random dense mixtures with different proportions of oxide magnetic nanoparticles with low$/$high anisotropy as a valuable tool to explore the crossover from individual to collective behavior. Two different anisotropy scenarios have been studied in two series of binary compacts: M1, comprising maghemite ($\gamma$-Fe$_2$O$_3$) nanoparticles of different sizes (9.0 nm $/$ 11.5 nm) with barely a factor of 2 between their anisotropy energies and M2, mixing equally-sized pure maghemite (low-anisotropy) and Co-doped maghemite (high-anisotropy) nanoparticles with a large difference in anisotropy energy (ratio $>$ 8). Interestingly, while the M1 series exhibits collective behavior typical of strongly-coupled dipolar systems, the M2 series presents a more complex scenario where different magnetic properties resemble either "individual-like" or "collective", crucially emphasizing that the collective character must be ascribed to specific properties and not to the system as a whole. The strong differences between the two series, offer new insight (systematically ratified by simulations) into the subtle interplay between dipolar interactions, local anisotropy and sample heterogeneity, to determine the behavior of dense assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles.