Influence of the Cathodes Microstructure on the Stability of Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

TL;DR

This study investigates how different cathode microstructures affect the stability of inverted planar perovskite solar cells, finding that nickel contacts significantly inhibit decomposition and improve storage stability.

Contribution

It demonstrates that nickel cathodes prevent perovskite decomposition, leading to enhanced stability of inverted planar perovskite solar cells without encapsulation.

Findings

Nickel cathodes inhibit perovskite decomposition.

Devices with Ni contacts show no efficiency loss after one month.

Decomposition occurs with Al, Ag, Au cathodes.

Abstract

One of the main challenges for perovskite solar cells (PSC) is their stability, due to environment-induced perovskite decomposition. The resulting decomposition compounds are mobile and may, therefore, react with charge carrier extraction layers or the contact metallization, in addition to enhancing the recombination rate in the absorber layer. In this contribution, the influence of different contact metallization layers, such as aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), gold (Au) and nickel (Ni) on the storage stability of inverted planar methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI)-based perovskite solar cells without encapsulation has been investigated. For this study current-voltage (J-V) and impedance measurements in combination with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were used to examine and correlate structural device information with the development of PSC electrical properties. While a strong perovskite decomposition and further iodide diffusion to the contacts were detected for devices using Al, Ag or Au as cathode electrodes, the microstructure of Ni cathodes inhibits such decomposition process. This experiment has allowed for the realization of MAPI based solar cells with Ni contacts, which exhibit no efficiency decrease below as-fabricated values for up to one month of storage and select AM1.5 testing in ambient atmosphere.