Calibration of the angular momenta of the minor planets in the solar system

TL;DR

This study calibrates the angular momentum of minor planets in the solar system, refining the invariable plane orientation and highlighting the influence of massive dwarf planets on solar system dynamics.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive calibration of minor planets' angular momenta, including dwarf planets, and assesses their impact on the solar system's invariable plane orientation.

Findings

Total angular momentum of minor planets is 1.7817×10^46 g·cm^2·s^-1.

Excluding dwarf planets reduces the angle between minor planets' and Sun-planet system's angular momentum vectors to 1.76°.

Including dwarf planets significantly alters the invariable plane's inclination by over 1254 mas.

Abstract

We aim to determine the relative angle between the total angular momentum of the minor planets and that of the Sun-planets system, and to improve the orientation of the invariable plane of the solar system. By utilizing physical parameters available in public domain archives, we assigned reasonable masses to 718041 minor planets throughout the solar system, including near-Earth objects, main belt asteroids, Jupiter trojans, trans-Neptunian objects, scattered-disk objects, and centaurs. Then we combined the orbital data to calibrate the angular momenta of these small bodies, and evaluated the specific contribution of the massive dwarf planets. The effects of uncertainties on the mass determination and the observational incompleteness were also estimated. We determine the total angular momentum of the known minor planets to be $1.7817\times10^{46}$ g $\cdot$ cm$^2$ $\cdot$ s$^{-1}$. The relative angle $\alpha$ between this vector and the total angular momentum of the Sun-planets system is calculated to be 14.74 deg.. By excluding the dwarf planets Eris, Pluto, and Haumea, which have peculiar angular momentum directions, $\alpha$ drops sharply to 1.76 deg.; a similar result applies to each individual minor planet group. This suggests that, without these three most massive bodies, the plane perpendicular to the total angular momentum of the minor planets would be close to the invariable plane of the solar system. On the other hand, the inclusion of Eris, Haumea, and Makemake can produce a difference of 1254 mas in the inclination of the invariable plane, which is much larger than the difference of 9 mas induced by Ceres, Vesta, and Pallas as found previously. By taking into account the angular momentum contributions from all minor planets, including unseen ones, the orientation improvement of the invariable plane is larger than 1000 mas in inclination with a $1\sigma$ error of 50-140 mas.