A hybrid echocardiography-computational fluid dynamics framework for ventricular flow simulations

TL;DR

This paper presents a hybrid framework combining 2D echocardiography with computational fluid dynamics to simulate ventricular blood flow, incorporating valve reconstruction and physiological constraints for improved accuracy.

Contribution

It extends previous 3D echo-CFD methods by reconstructing valves, optimizing surface placement, and applying smoothing algorithms, enhancing the realism of ventricular flow simulations.

Findings

Mitral valve significantly influences LV flow patterns during diastole.

Unhealthy LV shapes alter flow fields and vortex formation.

Energy loss is higher in unhealthy ventricles, indicating reduced pumping efficiency.

Abstract

Image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a powerful tool to study cardiovascular flows while 2D echocardiography (echo) is the most widely used non-invasive imaging modality for diagnosis of heart disease. Here, echo is combined with CFD, i.e., an echo-CFD framework, to study ventricular flows. To achieve this, our previous 3D reconstruction from multiple 2D-echo at standard cross-sections is extended by 1) reconstructing valves (aortic and mitral valves) from 2D-echo images and the superior wall; 2) optimizing the location and orientation of the surfaces to incorporate the physiological assumption of fixed apex as a reference (fixed) point for reconstruction; and 3) incorporating several smoothing algorithms to remove the nonphysical oscillations (ringing) near the basal section observed in our previous study. The main parameters of the reconstructed left ventricle (LV) are all within the physiologic range. Our results show that the mitral valve can significantly change the flow pattern inside the LV during the diastole phase in terms of ring vortex formation/propagation as well as the flow circulation. In addition, the abnormal shape of unhealthy LV can drastically change the flow field during the diastole phase. Furthermore, the hemodynamic energy loss, as an indicator of the LV pumping performance, for different test cases is calculated which shows a larger energy loss for unhealthy LV compared to the healthy one.