Determining the Composition of Relativistic Jets from Polarization Maps

TL;DR

This paper develops a semi-analytic model of relativistic jets to determine plasma composition using polarization maps, highlighting how circular polarization can distinguish between lepton-dominated and hadronic jets.

Contribution

The study introduces a new method to infer jet plasma composition through synthetic polarization maps and autocorrelation functions, emphasizing the diagnostic power of circular polarization.

Findings

Lepton-dominated jets show asymmetric linear polarization profiles.

Hadronic jets exhibit more centrally brightened intensity and polarization.

Circular polarization varies distinctly between plasma types, serving as a key diagnostic.

Abstract

We present a stationary, axisymmetric, self-similar semi-analytic model of magnetically dominated jet plasma based on force-free regions of a relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation. We use this model to illustrate how the composition of relativistic jet plasma can be determined, with special attention to the example of M87. In particular, we compute synthetic Stokes maps in e-e+p plasmas with various positron-to-proton ratios using synchrotron emission models scaling the partial pressure of electrons and positrons emitting at the observed frequency to the magnetic pressure, taking into account Faraday rotation and conversion. The lepton-dominated models produce bilaterally asymmetric radio intensity profiles with strong linear polarization and Stokes Q and U maps that are bilaterally asymmetric (but strongly up-down correlated) and antisymmetric (and sometimes up-down anticorrelated), respectively. The hadronic models produce more centrally brightened intensity and polarization maps. Circular polarization provides the cleanest observational tool for distinguishing the plasmas, as it increases outward from the jet core and central axis for highly ionic plasma, and is suppressed for pair dominated plasma. We find a measurable degree of circular polarization V/I of O(10e-3) for sub-equipartition hadronic jet plasmas. Our stationary model predicts that the intensity-normalized autocorrelation functions of Q and U increase and decrease with frequency, respectively. On the other hand, the autocorrelation of V is less sensitive to the frequency. Multi-band polarimetric observations could therefore be used as a novel probe of the composition of jet plasma.