The 2014-2015 Brazilian Mutual Phenomena campaign for the Jovian satellites and improved results for the 2009 events

TL;DR

This paper reports on the 2014-2015 Brazilian campaign observing mutual events of Jovian satellites, improving orbital data accuracy, reanalyzing previous events, and providing valuable light curve data for orbital modeling.

Contribution

It presents new observations and improved analysis of Jovian satellite mutual events, including rare Amalthea eclipse measurements, enhancing orbital models and data accuracy.

Findings

Observed 40 mutual events in 2014-2015, 25 in 2009, with high positional accuracy.

Provided the fourth-ever measurement of Amalthea eclipse.

Contributed 17% and 15% to the PHEMU campaigns for 2014-2015 and 2009, respectively.

Abstract

Progress in astrometry and orbital modelling of planetary moons in the last decade enabled better determinations of their orbits. These studies need accurate positions spread over extended periods. We present the results of the 2014-2015 Brazilian campaign for 40 mutual events from 47 observed light curves by the Galilean satellites plus one eclipse of Amalthea by Ganymede. We also reanalysed and updated results for 25 mutual events observed in the 2009 campaign. All telescopes were equipped with narrow-band filters centred at 889 nm with a width of 15 nm to eliminate the scattered light from Jupiter. The albedos' ratio was determined using images before and after each event. We simulated images of moons, umbra, and penumbra in the sky plane, and integrated their fluxes to compute albedos, simulate light curves and fit them to the observed ones using a chi-square fitting procedure. For that, we used the complete version of the Oren-Nayer reflectance model. The relative satellite positions mean uncertainty was 11.2 mas ($\sim$35 km) and 10.1 mas ($\sim$31 km) for the 2014-2015 and 2009 campaigns respectively. The simulated and observed \textsc{ascii} light curve files are freely available in electronic form at the \textit{Natural Satellites DataBase} (NSDB). The 40/25 mutual events from our 2014-2015/2009 campaigns represent a significant contribution of 17%/15% in comparison with the PHEMU campaigns lead by the IMCCE. Besides that, our result for the eclipse of Amalthea is only the 4$^{th}$ such measurement ever published after the three ones observed by the 2014-2015 international PHEMU campaign. Our results are suitable for new orbital/ephemeris determinations for the Galilean moons and Amalthea.