Third-order relativistic hydrodynamics: dispersion relations and transport coefficients of a dual plasma

TL;DR

This paper extends relativistic hydrodynamics to third order, deriving new transport coefficients, analyzing dispersion relations, and applying AdS/CFT to compute these coefficients for a conformal fluid in three dimensions.

Contribution

It introduces third-order gradient corrections in relativistic hydrodynamics, identifies 58 new transport coefficients, and connects these to gravitational perturbations via AdS/CFT.

Findings

Derived 58 new third-order transport coefficients.

Obtained dispersion relations for linear fluctuations.

Computed transport coefficients for a 3D conformal fluid using AdS/CFT.

Abstract

Hydrodynamics is nowadays understood as an effective field theory that describes the dynamics of the long-wavelength and slow-time fluctuations of an underlying microscopic theory. In this work we extend the relativistic hydrodynamics to third order in the gradient expansion for neutral fluids in a general curved spacetime of $d$ dimensions. We find 58 new transport coefficients, 19 due to third-order scalar corrections and 39 due to tensorial corrections. In the particular case of a conformal fluid, the number of new transport coefficients is reduced to 19, all of them due to third-order tensorial corrections. The dispersion relations of linear fluctuations in the third-order relativistic hydrodynamics is obtained, both in the rest frame of the fluid and in a general moving frame. As an application we obtain some of the transport coefficients of a relativistic conformal fluid in three dimensions by using the AdS/CFT correspondence. These transport coefficients are extracted from the dispersion relations of the linear fluctuations. The gravity dual of the fluctuations in this conformal fluid is described by the gravitational perturbations of four-dimensional anti-de Sitter black branes, which are solutions of the Einstein equations with a negative cosmological constant. To find the hydrodynamic quasinormal modes (QNMs) of the scalar sector we use the SUSY quantum mechanics of the gravitational perturbations of four-dimensional black branes. Such a symmetry allows us to find the wavefunction of the scalar (or sound) sector in the hydrodynamic limit directly from the wavefunction of the vector (or shear) sector, which is usually easier to be found because the perturbation wave equations for the vector sector are much simpler than the ones for the scalar sector.