Bright C2H emission in protoplanetary disks in Lupus: high volatile C/O>1 ratios

TL;DR

This study uses ALMA C2H observations in Lupus protoplanetary disks to determine that low CO fluxes are more likely due to volatile depletion and high C/O ratios than rapid gas dispersal.

Contribution

It provides the first systematic C2H observational analysis in Lupus disks, supporting volatile depletion and high C/O ratios as explanations for faint CO emissions.

Findings

Most disks show bright C2H emission, indicating high C/O ratios.

Models with volatile depletion match observations better than those with reduced gas/dust ratios.

C2H emission correlates with CN, but their spatial structures are generally unconnected.

Abstract

ALMA surveys have shown that CO emission in protoplanetary disks is much fainter than expected. Accordingly, CO-based gas masses and gas/dust ratios are orders of magnitude lower than previously thought. This may be explained either as fast gas dispersal, or as chemical evolution and locking up of volatiles in larger bodies leading to the low observed CO fluxes. The latter processes lead to enhanced C/O ratios in the gas, which may be reflected in enhanced abundances of molecules like C2H. The goal of this work is to employ C2H observations to understand whether low CO fluxes are caused by volatile depletion, or by fast gas dissipation. We present ALMA Cycle 4 C2H observations of a subsample of nine sources in Lupus. The integrated C2H emission is determined and compared to previous CO observations and model predictions. Seven out of nine disks are detected in C2H, whose line emission is almost as bright as 13CO. All detections are significantly brighter than the typical sensitivity of the observations, hinting at a bimodal distribution of the C2H line intensities. When compared with DALI models, the observed C2H fluxes can be reproduced only if some level of volatile carbon and oxygen depletion is allowed and C/O>1 in the gas. Models with reduced gas/dust ratios fail instead to reproduce the observations. A steeper than linear correlation between C2H and CN emission line is found. This is linked to the fact that C2H emission lines are affected more strongly by C/O variations than CN lines. Ring-like structures are detected both in C2H and in continuum emission but, as for CN, they do not seem to be connected. Sz 71 shows ring shaped emission in both C2H and CN with the location of the peak intensity coinciding. Our new ALMA C2H observations favour volatile carbon and oxygen depletion rather than fast gas dispersal to explain the faint CO observations for most of the disks.