The vortex fiber nulling mode of the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC)

TL;DR

The paper discusses the development and testing of the vortex fiber nulling mode on the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer, enabling high-contrast spectroscopy of exoplanets at small angular separations.

Contribution

It introduces the first on-sky implementation of vortex fiber nulling with KPIC and reports laboratory and preliminary on-sky performance results.

Findings

Achieved monochromatic starlight suppression of 6×10⁻⁵ at 635 nm in lab tests.

Demonstrated coupling efficiencies of <5×10⁻⁴ for star and ~5% for planet in 10% bandwidth.

Described the expected on-sky performance based on on-sky tests and realistic parameters.

Abstract

The Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) is an upgrade to the Keck II adaptive optics system that includes an active fiber injection unit (FIU) for efficiently routing light from exoplanets to NIRSPEC, a high-resolution spectrograph. Towards the end of 2019, we will add a suite of new coronagraph modes as well as a high-order deformable mirror. One of these modes, operating in $K$-band (2.2$\mu m$), will be the first vortex fiber nuller to go on sky. Vortex Fiber Nulling (VFN) is a new interferometric method for suppressing starlight in order to spectroscopically characterize exoplanets at angular separations that are inaccessible with conventional coronagraph systems. A monochromatic starlight suppression of $6\times10^{-5}$ in 635 nm laser light has already been demonstrated on a VFN testbed in the lab. A polychromatic experiment is now underway and coupling efficiencies of $<5\times10^{-4}$ and $\sim5\%$ have been demonstrated for the star and planet respectively in 10% bandwidth light. Here we describe those experiments, the new KPIC VFN mode, and the expected performance of this mode using realistic parameters determined from on-sky tests done during the KPIC commissioning.