Generalised $\mu$-$\tau$ symmetries and calculable gauge kinetic and mass mixing in $U(1)_{L_\mu-L_\tau}$ models

TL;DR

This paper explores how certain symmetries in $U(1)_{L_}-L_ au$ models make gauge kinetic and mass mixing parameters calculable, affecting lepton mixing and experimental constraints.

Contribution

It identifies symmetries that render gauge mixing parameters calculable at loop level and analyzes their impact on lepton mixing and phenomenology in specific models.

Findings

Gauge mixing parameters can be finite and calculable due to symmetries.

In the seesaw model, gauge mixing vanishes when right-handed neutrinos decouple.

In models with vectorlike leptons, gauge mixing persists even at high masses, showing non-decoupling behavior.

Abstract

Extensions of the standard model with a $U(1)$ gauge symmetry contain gauge invariant kinetic mixing, $\sin\chi$, and gauge non-invariant mass mixing, $\delta M^2$, between the hypercharge and the new gauge boson $Z'$. These represent a priori incalculable but phenomenologically important parameters of the theory. They become calculable if there exist spontaneously or softly broken symmetries which forbid them at tree level but allow their generation at the loop level. We discuss various symmetries falling in this category in the context of the gauged $L_\mu-L_\tau$ models and their interplay with lepton mixing. It is shown that one gets phenomenologically inconsistent lepton mixing parameters if these symmetries are exact. Spontaneous breaking of these symmetries can lead to consistent lepton mixing and also generates finite and calculable values of these parameters at one or two loop order depending on the underlying symmetry. We calculate these parameters in two specific cases: (i) the standard seesaw model with $\mu$-$\tau$ symmetry broken by the masses of the right-handed neutrinos and (ii) in a model containing a pair of vectorlike charged leptons which break $\mu$-$\tau$ symmetry. In case (i), the right-handed neutrinos are the only source of gauge mixing. The kinetic mixing parameters are suppressed and vanish if the right-handed neutrinos decouple from the theory. In contrast, there exists a finite gauge mixing in case (ii) which survives even when the masses of vectorlike leptons are taken to infinity, exhibiting non-decoupling behaviour. The seesaw model discussed here represents a complete framework with practically no kinetic mixing and hence can survive a large number of experimental probes used to rule out specific ranges in the coupling $g^\prime$ and mass $M_{Z^\prime}$. The model can generate non-universality in tau decays, which can be tested in future experiments.