Inelastic extra $U(1)$ charged scalar dark matter

TL;DR

This paper proposes a model of scalar dark matter with suppressed present-day annihilation cross section, achieved through an extra U(1) gauge interaction and coannihilation, addressing direct detection constraints and explaining various astrophysical and particle physics phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces a novel inelastic scalar dark matter model with suppressed annihilation, involving extra U(1) gauge interactions and coannihilation mechanisms, applicable to multiple gauge extensions.

Findings

Viable parameter regions for scalar DM in extended U(1) models.

Suppressed present-day annihilation cross section consistent with direct detection.

Potential explanations for gamma-ray excess, muon g-2, and Hubble tension.

Abstract

The null results in dark matter direct detection experiments imply the present scalar dark matter (DM) annihilation cross section to bottom quark pairs through the Higgs boson exchange is smaller than about $10^{-31}$ cm$^3/$s for a wide DM mass range, which is much smaller than the required annihilation cross section for thermal relic DM. We propose models of a thermal relic DM with the present annihilation cross section being very suppressed. This property can be realized in an extra $U(1)$ gauge interacting complex scalar DM, where the thermal DM abundance is determined by coannihilation through the gauge interaction while the present annihilation is governed by Higgs bosons exchange processes. An interaction between DM and the extra $U(1)$ breaking Higgs field generates a small mass splitting between DM and its coannihilating partner so that coannihilation becomes possible and also the $Z'$-mediated scattering off with a nucleon in direct DM search becomes inelastic. We consider scalar dark matter in $U(1)_{B-L}, U(1)_{(B-L)_3}$ and $U(1)_{L_\mu-L_\tau}$ extended models and identify viable parameter regions. We also discuss various implications to future DM detection experiments, the DM interpretation of the gamma-ray excess in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, the muon anomalous magnetic moment, the Hubble tension and others.