Is there a Cosmological Basis for E = mc^2?

TL;DR

This paper critically examines claims that E=mc^2 has a cosmological basis, clarifying its true origin as a relativistic energy relation in the particle's rest frame.

Contribution

The paper refutes previous claims linking E=mc^2 to cosmological gravitational energy and clarifies its proper relativistic interpretation.

Findings

Claims of a cosmological basis for E=mc^2 are based on misinterpretations.

E=mc^2 originates from relativistic energy concepts in the particle’s rest frame.

Incorrect application of 4-vectors led to false conclusions.

Abstract

It has recently been claimed that relativity's most famous equation, E = mc^2, has a cosmological basis, representing the gravitational binding energy for a particle to escape from the origin to a gravitational horizon of the universe. In this paper, I examine these claims in detail, concluding that they result from a misinterpretation of motion of particles in the cosmological space-time, and an incorrect application of 4-vectors. Finally, I demonstrate that the origin of E = mc^2 comes from its usual relativistic interpretation, namely that it is the energy of a particle as seen in its own rest-frame.