TL;DR
This paper investigates inconsistencies in measurements of the universe's curvature from different cosmological data sets, highlighting tensions that challenge the assumption of a flat universe.
Contribution
It quantifies the curvature tension between Planck 2018, lensing, and BAO data using the suspiciousness statistic, revealing significant discrepancies.
Findings
Curvature tension is 2.5 to 3 sigma between datasets.
Planck 2018 alone moderately favors a closed universe.
Combined data cast doubt on the universe being flat.
Abstract
The curvature parameter tension between Planck 2018, cosmic microwave background lensing, and baryon acoustic oscillation data is measured using the suspiciousness statistic to be 2.5 to 3. Conclusions regarding the spatial curvature of the universe which stem from the combination of these data should therefore be viewed with suspicion. Without CMB lensing or BAO, Planck 2018 has a moderate preference for closed universes, with Bayesian betting odds of over 50:1 against a flat universe, and over 2000:1 against an open universe.
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