The complete classification of empty lattice $4$-simplices

TL;DR

This paper completes the classification of 4-dimensional empty lattice simplices, correcting previous claims, identifying all exceptions, and describing their structure through parameterized families and individual cases.

Contribution

It provides a complete classification of 4D empty lattice simplices, correcting earlier inaccuracies and introducing new families and methods for understanding their structure.

Findings

Identified one 3-parameter family of simplices with width one.

Discovered two 2-parameter families, including a new one.

Cataloged 2461 individual simplices with volumes between 29 and 419.

Abstract

An empty simplex is a lattice simplex with only its vertices as lattice points. Their classification in dimension three was completed by White in 1964. In dimension four, the same task was started in 1988 by Mori, Morrison, and Morrison, with their motivation coming from the close relationship between empty simplices and terminal quotient singularities. They conjectured a classification of empty simplices of prime volume, modulo finitely many exceptions. Their conjecture was proved by Sankaran (1990) with a simplified proof by Bober (2009). The same classification was claimed by Barile et al. in 2011 for simplices of non-prime volume, but this statement was proved wrong by Blanco et al. (2016+). In this article we complete the classification of $4$-dimensional empty simplices. In doing so we correct and complete the classification claimed by Barile et al., and we also compute all the finitely many exceptions, by first proving an upper bound for their volume. The whole classification has: - One $3$-parameter family, consisting of simplices of width equal to one. - Two $2$-parameter families (the one in Mori et al., plus a second new one). - Forty-six $1$-parameter families (the 29 in Mori et al., plus 17 new ones). - $2461$ individual simplices not belonging to the above families, with volumes ranging between 29 and 419. We characterize the infinite families of empty simplices in terms of lower dimensional point configurations that they project to, with techniques that can be applied to higher dimensions and larger classes of lattice polytopes.