Large Area Photo-Detection System using 3-inch PMTs for the Hyper-Kamiokande Outer Detector

TL;DR

This paper discusses the design and characterization of a large-area photo-detection system using 3-inch PMTs for the Hyper-Kamiokande Outer Detector, aiming to improve detection capabilities and reduce costs.

Contribution

It introduces a novel setup using small 3-inch PMTs for the Hyper-Kamiokande Outer Detector, enhancing resolution and redundancy at lower costs.

Findings

3-inch PMTs show low dark counts and high collection efficiency

The setup improves spatial and angular resolution for particle detection

Cost-effective solution for large-scale neutrino detectors

Abstract

Hyper-Kamiokande, scheduled to begin construction as soon as 2020, is a next generation underground water Cherenkov detector, based on the highly successful Super-Kamiokande experiment. It will serve as a far detector, 295 km away, of a long baseline neutrino experiment for the upgraded J-PARC beam in Japan. It will also be a detector capable of observing --- far beyond the sensitivity of the Super-Kamiokande detector --- proton decay, atmospheric neutrinos, and neutrinos from astronomical sources. An Outer Detector (OD) consisting of PMTs mounted behind the inner detector PMTs and facing outwards to view the outer shell of the cylindrical tank, would provide topological information to identify interactions originating from particles outside the inner detector. Any optimization would lead to a significant improvement for the physics goals of the experiment, which are the measurement of the CP leptonic phase and the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy. An original setup using small 3" PMTs is being designed for the Hyper-Kamiokande OD. They would give better redundancy, spatial, and angular resolution, as they would be twice or three times more photosensors that the original 8" design proposal of the experiment, and for a reduce cost. Several 3" PMTs candidates considered for the Hyper-Kamiokande OD have been characterized at Queen Mary University London. They all show a very low dark counts and good collection efficiency, which makes them excellent choice to be used in the experiment.