When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-II: No evidence of multiple stellar populations in Lindsay 113

TL;DR

This study investigates whether the low-mass, intermediate-age star cluster Lindsay 113 shows evidence of multiple stellar populations, finding no such evidence and suggesting that age and mass influence MP occurrence.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of a ~4 Gyr-old, low-mass cluster for MPs, highlighting the roles of age and mass in MP development.

Findings

No significant chemical spread indicating MPs in Lindsay 113

Chemical variation in nitrogen abundance does not exceed 0.2 dex

Supports the idea that age and mass jointly influence MP presence

Abstract

The presence of multiple populations (MPs) in almost all globular clusters (GCs) older than ~10 Gyr, has caught lots of attention. Recently, cumulative evidence indicates that extragalactic GCs that are older than 2 Gyr, seem to also harbor MPs, however, those that are younger than 2 Gyr do not. These observations seem to imply that age is a primary property that controls the presence of MPs in star clusters. However, because of the lack of studies of {intermediate-age (~2--6 Gyr-old),} low mass clusters, it is unclear if the cluster mass, in addition to age, also plays a role in the occurrence of MPs. In this work, we studied a $\sim$4 Gyr-old, low mass (~23,000 Msun) cluster, Lindsay-113, in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Using Hubble Space Telescope photometry, we find that the width of the red-giant branch in this cluster, when measured in a specific color index that is sensitive to star-to-star chemical variations, {can be adequately explained by a "simple" stellar population model with some possible noises contributed from measurement uncertainty, photometric artifact, as well as differential reddening. The comparison of observations with predictions from synthetic spectra indicates that the internal chemical spread in nitrogen abundance, which is a signature of MPs, would not exceed 0.2 dex. Since Lindsay 113 is significantly older than other GCs with MPs, we suggest that the onset of MPs is likely determined by the combination of cluster age and mass.