# A Reproducible Analysis of RSSI Fingerprinting for Outdoor Localization Using Sigfox: Preprocessing and Hyperparameter Tuning

## TL;DR

This study analyzes RSSI fingerprinting for outdoor Sigfox-based localization, focusing on preprocessing and hyperparameter tuning to improve accuracy, and provides reproducible code and datasets for future research.

## Contribution

It offers a reproducible analysis of RSSI fingerprinting for outdoor localization using Sigfox, emphasizing preprocessing and hyperparameter tuning for improved accuracy.

## Key findings

- Mean localization error of 298 meters
- Median error of 109 meters
- Optimized data transformation and out-of-range handling

## Abstract

Fingerprinting techniques, which are a common method for indoor localization, have been recently applied with success into outdoor settings. Particularly, the communication signals of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) such as Sigfox, have been used for localization. In this rather recent field of study, not many publicly available datasets, which would facilitate the consistent comparison of different positioning systems, exist so far. In the current study, a published dataset of RSSI measurements on a Sigfox network deployed in Antwerp, Belgium is used to analyse the appropriate selection of preprocessing steps and to tune the hyperparameters of a kNN fingerprinting method. Initially, the tuning of hyperparameter k for a variety of distance metrics, and the selection of efficient data transformation schemes, proposed by relevant works, is presented. In addition, accuracy improvements are achieved in this study, by a detailed examination of the appropriate adjustment of the parameters of the data transformation schemes tested, and of the handling of out of range values. With the appropriate tuning of these factors, the achieved mean localization error was 298 meters, and the median error was 109 meters. To facilitate the reproducibility of tests and comparability of results, the code and train/validation/test split used in this study are available.